对个人利润的最高追求,和美国式追求奢华的生活方式,唤起了人类天性中的贪婪,慢慢地,雪球越滚越大,华尔街嗜血成性的大投行和其它大企业所拥有的权力也越来越大,不断疯狂扩张,渐渐控制了整个国家的经济命脉,经济就像变成了“an insane casino”。于是,两极分化不断加重(“最富有的1%的人所拥有的财富超过了最底下的95%的人所拥有的财富总和”),金融危机让问题暴露了出来,无法偿还的巨额贷款压垮了企业和个人,很多人失去了工作,很多人失去了房子。原先,“美国梦”让他们不去怀疑美国资本主义,让他们相信靠自己的努力,也可以爬到金融金字塔的塔尖上去,拥有数不清的财富。逐渐地,劳动人民和工人阶级发现,他们只是别人用来赚钱的机器,无力改变什么,却可以在瞬间变得一无所有。
美国前总统罗斯福(Franklin D. Roosevelt)在1944年1月11日发表了一段电视讲话,提出了“第二权利法案”(或“经济权利法案”)。这段讲话的电视录像一直被认为已经丢失,直到2008年Michael Moore为了拍摄这部纪录片进行调查的时候,才被重新发现。这段提议里说道:
As our nation has grown in size and stature, however—as our industrial economy expanded—these political rights proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness.
We have come to a clear realization of the fact that true individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. “Necessitous men are not free men.” People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made.
In our day these economic truths have become accepted as self-evident. We have accepted, so to speak, a second Bill of Rights under which a new basis of security and prosperity can be established for all—regardless of station, race, or creed.
Among these are:
The right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the nation;
The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation;
The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living;
The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad;
The right of every family to a decent home;
The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health;
The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment;
The right to a good education.
All of these rights spell security.
这种“公平的幸福”,是每个社会所应该追求的、却是现在的美国式资本主义无法达到的目标。
影片的最后向我们讲述了芝加哥的一个窗户制造厂工人讨薪的故事。由于金融危机,给工厂发放贷款的Bank of America停止贷款,工厂面临倒闭发不出工资来,眼看就要失业的工人们决定“占领”厂房不走,静坐示威。警察不敢对他们怎么样,他们大声疾呼,迅速引起了媒体的注意。民众纷纷送来食品慰问,芝加哥地区的主教也来支持他们,最后甚至连奥巴马也在电视上公开表示,工人们的要求是合情合理的。终于,谈判之后,Bank of America同意拿出政府给的250亿美元救济款中的一部分继续提供贷款、给工人发放工资。
这样的遭遇对于我们中国人并不陌生,但是这种解决方式却是国内很难做到的。如果这个故事发生在中国,结局更可能是警察强行闯入,与示威民众发生冲突,抓走一批带头闹事的,至多最后政府稍微补一点钱了事,还要防止示威民众去上层政府上访,而媒体则被全面禁声。
美国建国之初所立的“Bill of Rights”,保证了民众的言论、宗教、集会自由,法律的独立、正当、公正性,以及法律未禁止的一切权利,使私人财产得到了保护,避免了民众受到政府不合理的侵害。正是基于这样的传统,美国人民才有了为“Second Bill of Rights”而奋争的可能。正如人先要有尊严地活着,才有追求幸福生活的可能。没有基本权利的保障,何谈幸福权利的抗争?作为生活在当今环境下的中国人,该如何为失去的权利而抗争?
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